Osmotic Regulation and Excretion

Recall cards on how animals balance water and salts and clear nitrogenous waste: osmoregulation and osmotic balance (osmosis, electrolytes and non-electrolytes, tonicity, the ways concentration is measured, and stenohaline versus euryhaline strategies in fish, osmoconformers, and sharks); the kidneys and osmoregulatory organs (gross kidney anatomy, the nephron and its blood supply, and the three steps of urine formation including the loop of Henle countercurrent system and the juxtaglomerular complex); excretion systems of invertebrates (contractile vacuoles, flame cells, nephridia, and Malpighian tubules); nitrogenous wastes (ammonotelic, ureotelic, and uricotelic animals, the urea cycle, and uric acid, gout, and kidney stones); and the hormonal control of osmoregulation (the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and atrial natriuretic peptide).