Animal Reproduction and Development

Recall cards on how animals reproduce and develop: asexual modes (fission, budding, fragmentation, and parthenogenesis) versus sexual reproduction, hermaphroditism, and the genetic, chromosomal, and environmental systems of sex determination; fertilization strategies (external broadcast spawning versus internal fertilization, and oviparity, ovoviviparity, and viviparity); human reproductive anatomy and gametogenesis (the male and female organs, semen and the accessory glands, and spermatogenesis and oogenesis by meiosis); the hormonal control of reproduction (the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, testosterone, estradiol and progesterone, the ovarian and menstrual cycles, and menopause); human pregnancy and birth (implantation and beta-HCG, the placenta, the three trimesters, labor and lactation, contraception, infertility, and assisted reproduction); early embryonic development (fertilization and blocks to polyspermy, cleavage, the blastula and blastocyst, and gastrulation into the three germ layers); and organogenesis and vertebrate body formation (neural tube, somites, notochord, body axes, and left-right asymmetry).