Genes and Proteins

Recall cards on how genes are expressed as proteins: the genetic code (the central dogma, triplet codons, degeneracy, start and stop codons, reading frames and frameshifts, the Crick-Brenner experiment, the near-universal code); prokaryotic transcription (a single RNA polymerase, sigma factor and the holoenzyme, template versus coding strand, the -10 and -35 promoter consensus sequences, rho-dependent and intrinsic termination, polycistronic mRNA); eukaryotic transcription (three RNA polymerases, the TATA box and transcription factors, nucleosomes and the FACT complex); RNA processing (exons and introns, the 5' cap, the poly-A tail, splicing by spliceosomes, UTRs, tRNA anticodons); and translation (ribosome subunits, tRNA charging by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, the A, P, and E sites, prokaryotic and eukaryotic initiation, the Shine-Dalgarno sequence and Kozak's rules, peptidyl transferase, termination by release factors, signal sequences and chaperones).