Geometric Optics and Image Formation (Physics)

Recall cards on geometric optics and image formation. Plane mirrors: same-size, upright, virtual images located as far behind the mirror as the object is in front, and the real-versus-virtual image distinction. Spherical mirrors: concave and convex geometry, center of curvature, vertex, optical axis, focal point, f = R/2, the mirror equation 1/d_o + 1/d_i = 1/f, magnification m = -d_i/d_o, and sign conventions. Images formed by refraction: apparent depth h_i = (n2/n1) h_o and the single-spherical-surface equation. Thin lenses: converging and diverging behavior, the thin-lens equation, the lensmaker's equation, ray tracing, and image types. The eye: cornea and lens, accommodation, near and far points, optical power in diopters, and correction of myopia and hyperopia. The camera, the simple magnifier and angular magnification, and compound microscopes and telescopes.