The Endocrine System

Recall cards on the animal endocrine system: hormones as chemical signals and their three chemical classes (lipid-derived steroids, amino acid-derived hormones, and peptide hormones) with their solubility, transport, and half-lives; how hormones work (receptor up- and down-regulation, intracellular versus cell-surface receptors, and the first- and second-messenger G-protein, adenylyl cyclase, cAMP, and protein-kinase cascade with amplification); regulation of body processes (ADH and aquaporins, aldosterone and the renin-angiotensin system, the reproductive axis, insulin and glucagon and diabetes, the thyroid hormones and calcium regulation, growth hormone, and the short- and long-term stress responses); the humoral, hormonal, and neural stimuli and negative feedback that control hormone release; and the endocrine glands (hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, pineal) plus secondary endocrine organs.