Temperature and Heat (Physics)

Recall cards on temperature, heat, and heat transfer. Temperature as what a thermometer measures and as a measure of average translational kinetic energy, thermal equilibrium, and the zeroth law of thermodynamics. The Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin scales, their fixed points, the conversion formulas, and absolute zero (0 K = -273.15 C). Thermal expansion: linear (delta L = alpha L delta T), area (delta A = 2 alpha A delta T), and volume (delta V = beta V delta T with beta = 3 alpha), thermal stress, and water's density maximum near 4 C. Heat, the calorie and the mechanical equivalent of heat (1 kcal = 4186 J), specific heat and Q = mc delta T, and calorimetry (Q_cold + Q_hot = 0). Phase changes: melting, vaporization, and sublimation, the pressure dependence of melting and boiling points, latent heats of fusion and vaporization (water 334 kJ/kg and 2256 kJ/kg), phase diagrams, the triple point, and the critical point. The three mechanisms of heat transfer: conduction (P = kA(T_h - T_c)/d and the R-factor), convection (forced and natural), and radiation via the Stefan-Boltzmann law P = sigma A e T^4.