The Circulatory System

Recall cards on the animal circulatory system: an overview of circulation (why bulk flow replaces diffusion as body size grows, open versus closed systems, and the evolution of two-, three-, and four-chambered hearts across fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals); the components of the blood (plasma, red blood cells and hemoglobin, alternative respiratory pigments, white blood cells, platelets and clotting, serum proteins, and the ABO and Rh blood groups); the mammalian heart and blood vessels (the chambers, valves, wall layers and coronary supply, the cardiac cycle and its conduction system from the SA node to the Purkinje fibers, and the structure of arteries, capillaries, and veins); and blood flow and blood pressure regulation (systolic and diastolic pressure, flow speed and capillary exchange, precapillary sphincters, the lymphatic system, and cardiac output).