Seedless Plants

Recall cards on seedless plants: the origin of land plants within the Archaeplastida and the four adaptations to land (alternation of generations, apical meristems, waxy cuticle, and lignin); alternation of generations, sporangia, homospory and heterospory, sporopollenin, gametangia, and vascular tissue; the green algae (chlorophytes and charophytes) as precursors of land plants; the bryophytes (liverworts, hornworts, and mosses) with their dominant gametophytes and flagellated sperm; and the seedless vascular plants (lycophytes and the monilophytes: whisk ferns, horsetails, and ferns) with their dominant sporophytes, xylem and phloem, sporophylls and strobili, fronds and sori, and their ecological and human uses.

Source: OpenStax Biology 2e (2018), Chapter 25, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0.