Personality (Psychology)

Recall cards on personality: the long-standing traits and patterns that shape how we think, feel, and behave. History: the Latin persona, Hippocrates's four humors and temperaments, Galen, and Gall's phrenology. Freud's psychodynamic perspective: the unconscious, the id, ego, and superego, the pleasure and reality principles, the defense mechanisms (repression, denial, regression, projection, reaction formation, displacement, rationalization, and sublimation), the five psychosexual stages, fixation, and the Oedipus complex. The neo-Freudians: Adler's inferiority complex and birth order, Erikson's psychosocial stages, Jung's collective unconscious, archetypes, and introversion-extroversion, and Horney's coping styles and womb envy. Learning approaches: Skinner, Bandura's social-cognitive theory and reciprocal determinism, Rotter's locus of control, and Mischel. Humanistic approaches: Maslow's deficit and growth needs and Rogers's self-concept, ideal and real self, congruence, and unconditional positive regard. Biological approaches: heritability, the Minnesota twin study, and temperament. Trait theorists: Allport, Cattell's 16PF, the Eysencks, and the Big Five (OCEAN). Cultural understandings: individualist and collectivist cultures and the three cross-cultural approaches. Personality assessment: self-report inventories, Likert scales, the MMPI, and the projective tests (Rorschach, TAT, RISB, C-TCB, and TEMAS).