Learning (Psychology)

Recall cards on how organisms learn. What learning is: reflexes, instincts, associative learning, and the difference between classical, operant, and observational learning. Classical conditioning: Pavlov, the unconditioned and conditioned stimulus and response, the neutral stimulus, acquisition, higher-order conditioning, extinction, spontaneous recovery, stimulus discrimination and generalization, taste aversion, the Garcia and Koelling and Little Albert studies, behaviorism, and the Rescorla-Wagner model. Operant conditioning: Thorndike's law of effect, Skinner and the operant chamber, positive and negative reinforcement and punishment, primary and secondary reinforcers, shaping, continuous versus partial reinforcement, the fixed and variable interval and ratio schedules, and Tolman's cognitive maps and latent learning. Observational learning: models, mirror neurons, Bandura's social learning theory, live, verbal, and symbolic models, the attention-retention-reproduction-motivation steps, vicarious reinforcement and punishment, the Bobo doll experiment, and prosocial and antisocial modeling.