Equilibria of Other Reaction Classes (Chemistry)

Recall cards on solubility and other equilibria beyond simple acid-base systems: precipitation and dissolution (the solubility product constant Ksp, molar solubility, saturated, unsaturated, and supersaturated solutions, the ion product Qsp and its comparison with Ksp to predict precipitation, the common ion effect, selective precipitation, and pH-controlled solubility); Lewis acids and bases (electron-pair donors and acceptors, coordinate covalent bonds, acid-base adducts, complex ions and their ligands, and the formation constant Kf); and coupled equilibria (shared species linking two equilibria, the product-of-K rule, acid-enhanced solubility of basic-anion salts, and complex-ion driven dissolution), with applications including ocean acidification of calcium carbonate and the fluoridation of tooth enamel.