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Country FlagsIdentify the country from its flag. Reveal, then self-grade.197 cards
World CapitalsCapital cities around the world196 cards
Middle AgesA time of castles, cold stone and some truly unfair plagues.518 cards
General HistoryWorld history, including ancient civilizations, wars, historical figures, and important events351 cards
Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry (Chemistry)Recall cards on the transition metals and coordination chemistry: the properties of the transition metals and inner transition metals (lanthanides and actinides), their electron configurations, oxidation states, and periodic trends; the…284 cards
Dogs Recognize breeds. Learn about behaviors, anatomy, and origins of man's best friend.179 cards
ComputersComputer science, programming, hardware, software, and technology174 cards
ComicsComic books, graphic novels, superheroes, manga, and comic book creators50 cards
Congress (American Government)Recall cards on the U.S. Congress. Institutional design: the Connecticut Compromise, the size, term, and age rules for the House and Senate, inherent powers, constituency, and majority-minority districts. Congressional elections:…37 cards
General KnowledgeAcross various topics including history, science, geography, culture, and more373 cards
Representative Metals, Metalloids, and Nonmetals (Chemistry)Recall cards on the descriptive chemistry of the representative elements: periodicity and the periodic behavior of the representative metals (alkali, alkaline earth, group 12, and the metals of groups 13 to 15, plus the inert pair effect…344 cards
VertebratesRecall cards on the vertebrates and their chordate kin: the five chordate characteristics and the invertebrate lancelets and tunicates; the jawless hagfishes and lampreys and the jawed cartilaginous and bony fishes; the amphibians with…324 cards
Science GeneralScience and nature, including biology, chemistry, physics, and the natural world240 cards
InvertebratesRecall cards on the major invertebrate phyla: the tissue-less sponges (Porifera) with their spongocoel, choanocytes, and spicules; the diploblastic Cnidaria with their cnidocytes, polyp and medusa forms, and coral reefs; the…238 cards
Plant Form and PhysiologyRecall cards on plant form and physiology: the shoot and root organ systems; meristematic and permanent tissues and the dermal, vascular, and ground tissue systems; stem anatomy and modifications, primary and secondary growth, wood, and…230 cards
The Animal Body: Basic Form and FunctionRecall cards on animal form and function: body symmetry and directional terms; the physical constraints of size and shape (drag, gravity, exoskeletons, endoskeletons, diffusion and the surface-area-to-volume ratio); animal bioenergetics…218 cards
Animal Reproduction and DevelopmentRecall cards on how animals reproduce and develop: asexual modes (fission, budding, fragmentation, and parthenogenesis) versus sexual reproduction, hermaphroditism, and the genetic, chromosomal, and environmental systems of sex…215 cards
The Immune SystemRecall cards on how animals defend against pathogens: the innate immune response (physical and chemical barriers, PAMPs and pattern recognition receptors including Toll-like receptors, phagocytes such as macrophages and neutrophils,…210 cards
The Nervous SystemRecall cards on the animal nervous system: neuron structure (soma, dendrites, axon, synapse) and the neuron types; glial cells (astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, and others); how neurons communicate through the…196 cards
Animal Nutrition and the Digestive SystemRecall cards on animal nutrition and digestion: dietary categories (herbivores, carnivores, omnivores); digestive-system types (gastrovascular cavity, alimentary canal, monogastric, avian, ruminant, and pseudo-ruminant); the vertebrate…186 cards
Osmotic Regulation and ExcretionRecall cards on how animals balance water and salts and clear nitrogenous waste: osmoregulation and osmotic balance (osmosis, electrolytes and non-electrolytes, tonicity, the ways concentration is measured, and stenohaline versus…186 cards
Population and Community EcologyRecall cards on population and community ecology: population demography (size, density, dispersion patterns, quadrat and mark-recapture sampling, life tables, and Type I, II, and III survivorship curves); life histories and natural…184 cards
The Musculoskeletal SystemRecall cards on the animal musculoskeletal system: the three skeletal designs (hydrostatic skeleton, exoskeleton, endoskeleton) and the 206-bone human axial and appendicular skeleton (skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage, girdles, and…181 cards
The Circulatory SystemRecall cards on the animal circulatory system: an overview of circulation (why bulk flow replaces diffusion as body size grows, open versus closed systems, and the evolution of two-, three-, and four-chambered hearts across fish,…179 cards
Ecology and the BiosphereRecall cards on ecology and the biosphere: the scope of ecology and its four levels of organization (organism, population, community, and ecosystem), species interactions, and mutualism; biogeography, endemic versus generalist species, and…174 cards
Chemical Bonding and Molecular Geometry (Chemistry)Recall cards on chemical bonding and molecular shape: ionic bonding (ions, cations and anions, ionic bonds and the properties of ionic solids, cation and anion formation rules, and lattice arrangement); covalent bonding (shared electron…169 cards
Digestive System Infections (Microbiology)Recall cards on the digestive system infections of microbiology. Anatomy and normal microbiota: the gastrointestinal tract from mouth to anus, the teeth and salivary glands, the small and large intestine, and the gut microbiota with their…164 cards
Nervous System Infections (Microbiology)Recall cards on the nervous system infections of microbiology. Anatomy: the central and peripheral nervous systems, the meninges (dura, arachnoid, and pia mater), cerebrospinal fluid, the blood-brain barrier, neurons and glial cells, and…164 cards
Respiratory System Infections (Microbiology)Recall cards on the respiratory system infections of microbiology. Anatomy and normal microbiota: the nares, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx and its regions, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli, plus the defenses of the…156 cards
The Endocrine SystemRecall cards on the animal endocrine system: hormones as chemical signals and their three chemical classes (lipid-derived steroids, amino acid-derived hormones, and peptide hormones) with their solubility, transport, and half-lives; how…155 cards
Solutions and Colloids (Chemistry)Recall cards on solutions and colloids: the dissolution process (solute and solvent, the spontaneity and entropy of solution formation, ideal solutions, the three intermolecular attractions involved, and endothermic versus exothermic…150 cards
VirusesRecall cards on viruses: their evolution, morphology, and classification (how viruses were discovered, their sizes and imaging, hypotheses for their origins, virion structure and capsid types, attachment and receptors, DNA versus RNA…147 cards
Star WarsInto the galaxy far, far away you go. Your Star Wars knowledge, tested it will be.145 cards
Circulatory and Lymphatic System Infections (Microbiology)Recall cards on the circulatory and lymphatic system infections of microbiology. Anatomy: the closed circulatory system and the four-chambered heart, the arteries, veins, and capillaries, the spleen and liver, and the lymphatic system with…142 cards
Mechanisms of Microbial Genetics (Microbiology)Recall cards on the mechanisms of microbial genetics. The functions of genetic material and the stages of replication, transcription, and translation. DNA replication: semiconservative replication and the Meselson-Stahl experiment, the…142 cards
Conservation Biology and BiodiversityRecall cards on conservation biology and biodiversity: the biodiversity crisis (genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity; how many species exist and how many are named; the equatorial gradient, endemism, and biodiversity hotspots; the…141 cards
ProtistsRecall cards on protists: eukaryotic origins (the defining nucleus, the single eukaryotic ancestor, endosymbiotic theory, and the bacterial origins of mitochondria and plastids by primary and secondary endosymbiosis); the general…141 cards
Microbial Metabolism (Microbiology)Recall cards on microbial metabolism. Energy, matter, and enzymes: anabolism and catabolism, autotrophs and heterotrophs, photo-, chemo-, organo-, and lithotrophs, redox reactions and the carriers NAD+, NADP+, and FAD, ATP structure and…139 cards
Seed PlantsRecall cards on seed plants: the evolutionary advantages of pollen and seeds, the reduction of the gametophyte, and the fossil timeline from progymnosperms through gymnosperm dominance to the rise of the angiosperms; the gymnosperms…136 cards
Microbial Mechanisms of Pathogenicity (Microbiology)Recall cards on how pathogens cause disease. Characteristics of infectious disease: signs versus symptoms, normal vital-sign baselines, syndromes, the vocabulary of disease (communicable, contagious, iatrogenic, nosocomial, zoonotic,…135 cards
Plant ReproductionRecall cards on plant (angiosperm) reproduction: alternation of generations and flower anatomy (the four whorls, complete vs incomplete, monoecious vs dioecious); development of the male and female gametophytes; pollination (self vs cross,…135 cards
Atoms, Molecules, and Ions (Chemistry)Recall cards on atoms, molecules, and ions: early ideas in atomic theory (Dalton's postulates; the laws of conservation of matter, definite proportions, and multiple proportions); the evolution of atomic theory (Thomson's cathode rays and…133 cards
Organic Chemistry (Chemistry)Recall cards on organic chemistry: the hydrocarbons (alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic compounds), their bonding, hybridization, reactions (substitution and addition), isomerism (constitutional and geometric), and IUPAC naming; the…132 cards
BooksLiterature, famous authors, novels, and classic works130 cards
EcosystemsRecall cards on ecosystems: the ecology of ecosystems (freshwater, marine, and terrestrial categories; equilibrium, resistance, and resilience; food chains, trophic levels, and food webs; grazing and detrital food webs; and conceptual,…129 cards
Liquids and Solids (Chemistry)Recall cards on the condensed phases of matter: intermolecular forces (the distinction from intramolecular forces, van der Waals forces, dispersion/London forces and polarizability, dipole-dipole attractions, and hydrogen bonding); the…128 cards
Urogenital System Infections (Microbiology)Recall cards on the urogenital system infections of microbiology. Anatomy and normal microbiota: the kidneys, nephrons, glomeruli, ureters, bladder, and urethra; the male and female reproductive structures; and the protective vaginal…127 cards
Electrochemistry (Chemistry)Recall cards on electrochemistry: a review of redox chemistry (oxidation numbers and their rules, oxidants and reductants, and the half-reaction method for balancing redox equations); galvanic cells (half-cells, anode and cathode, salt…126 cards
Diseases of the Immune System (Microbiology)Recall cards on diseases of the immune system. Hypersensitivities: the four types (I IgE and mast cells, II IgG/IgM against cell-surface antigens, III immune complexes, IV T-cell mediated), mast cell mediators, anaphylaxis, the ABO and Rh…124 cards
Particle Physics and Cosmology (Physics)Recall cards on particle physics and cosmology. The four fundamental forces and their ranges and relative strengths. Fermions and bosons; the six quarks and their fractional charges; hadrons, mesons, and baryons; the six leptons; force…124 cards
Seedless PlantsRecall cards on seedless plants: the origin of land plants within the Archaeplastida and the four adaptations to land (alternation of generations, apical meristems, waxy cuticle, and lignin); alternation of generations, sporangia,…123 cards
Electronic Structure and Periodic Properties (Chemistry)Recall cards on the electronic structure of atoms and periodic trends: electromagnetic energy (wavelength, frequency, the speed of light, blackbody radiation, quantization, photons, the photoelectric effect, line spectra, the Rydberg…122 cards
The Cell (Microbiology)Recall cards on the cell. The fall of spontaneous generation: Aristotle and pneuma, van Helmont's mice, Redi's 1668 maggot experiment, Needham versus Spallanzani, and Pasteur's swan-neck flasks and Omne vivum ex vivo. Foundations of modern…122 cards
Sensory SystemsRecall cards on animal sensory systems: how sensory reception, transduction, and perception work, receptor types and receptive fields, receptor potentials, the labeled-line principle, and Weber's Law; somatosensation (the skin layers and…120 cards
Chemical ElementsLearn the periodic table - match symbols to element names118 cards
Adaptive Specific Host Defenses (Microbiology)Recall cards on the adaptive, specific host defenses. Overview of specific adaptive immunity: specificity and memory, primary and secondary responses, humoral versus cell-mediated immunity, antigens and epitopes, haptens, and the five…114 cards
Advanced Theories of Covalent Bonding (Chemistry)Recall cards on advanced covalent bonding theory: valence bond theory (the overlap of half-filled atomic orbitals, orbital overlap and bond strength, the energy of bond formation and bond distance, and sigma and pi bonds in single, double,…114 cards
Modern Applications of Microbial Genetics (Microbiology)Recall cards on the modern applications of microbial genetics. The tools of genetic engineering: recombinant DNA and molecular cloning, restriction enzymes and sticky versus blunt ends, DNA ligase, plasmid vectors, the multiple cloning…114 cards
Antimicrobial Drugs (Microbiology)Recall cards on antimicrobial drugs. The history of chemotherapy and antimicrobial discovery: Ehrlich's Salvarsan, prontosil, Fleming's penicillin, Florey and Chain, Waksman, and the actinomycetes. The fundamentals of antimicrobial…113 cards
Biopsychology (Psychology)Recall cards on the biological bases of behavior. Human genetics: genotype and phenotype, chromosomes and DNA, genes and alleles, dominant and recessive traits, homozygous and heterozygous, polygenic traits, mutations, PKU, range of…113 cards
Innate Nonspecific Host Defenses (Microbiology)Recall cards on the innate, nonspecific defenses of the host. Physical defenses: the skin and its layers, cell junctions, mucous membranes and the mucociliary escalator, flushing actions, and competitive exclusion by the resident…113 cards
FungiRecall cards on fungi: their defining characteristics (chitin cell walls, ergosterol membranes, hyphae, septa, mycelium, heterotrophic external digestion, and asexual and sexual reproduction through plasmogamy, karyogamy, and meiosis); the…112 cards
Skin and Eye Infections (Microbiology)Recall cards on the skin and eye infections of microbiology. Anatomy and normal microbiota: the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis, the stratum corneum and keratin, desquamation, sweat and sebaceous glands, resident bacteria and fungi by…112 cards
Nuclear Chemistry (Chemistry)Recall cards on nuclear chemistry: nuclear structure and stability (nucleons, atomic and mass numbers, isotopes, the strong force, mass defect and binding energy, the band of stability, and magic numbers); writing and balancing nuclear…110 cards
Rings, Moons, and Pluto (Astronomy)Recall cards on the moon and ring systems of the giant planets, and on the dwarf planet Pluto. The four Galilean moons of Jupiter: heavily cratered Callisto, giant Ganymede, ocean-bearing Europa, and volcanic Io, whose eruptions are driven…110 cards
Introduction to Animal DiversityRecall cards introducing the animal kingdom: the shared features of animals (heterotrophy, tissues, no cell walls, the diplontic life cycle, and the five clades from Parazoa to Bilateria); sexual, asexual, and parthenogenetic reproduction;…107 cards
Prokaryotes: Bacteria and ArchaeaRecall cards on prokaryotes: their diversity (prokaryotes as Earth's first cells, microbial mats and stromatolites, the oxygenation of the atmosphere, extremophiles, culturing and biofilms); the structure of Bacteria and Archaea (cell…107 cards
Kinetics (Chemistry)Recall cards on chemical kinetics: reaction rates (average, instantaneous, and initial rates, the sign convention, rates from the tangent to a concentration-versus-time curve, and stoichiometric rate relations); the factors that affect…106 cards
The Solar System: An Overview (Astronomy)Recall cards introducing the solar system as a whole. Its inventory: the Sun, the eight planets, their moons and rings, and debris such as asteroids, comets, and dust, formed together about 4.5 billion years ago. The layout: the Sun…105 cards
Psychological Disorders (Psychology)Recall cards on psychological disorders. Defining and classifying disorders: what a psychological disorder is, psychopathology, etiology, Wakefield's harmful dysfunction model, cultural relativism, Szasz's critique, diagnosis, the DSM-5…104 cards
Earth, Moon, and Sky (Astronomy)Recall cards on how Earth's motions define the sky and our measures of time. The celestial sphere: great circles, meridians, longitude and latitude, the celestial equator and poles, declination and right ascension, and Foucault's pendulum.…101 cards
BirdsRecognize and answer trivia about birds100 cards
The Respiratory SystemRecall cards on the animal respiratory system: systems of gas exchange (why diffusion alone fails as body size grows, and the diversity of respiratory surfaces from skin and gills to insect tracheae and the mammalian airway from nasal…100 cards
Acellular Pathogens (Microbiology)Recall cards on the acellular pathogens. Viruses: virions, capsids and capsomeres, naked versus enveloped particles, glycoprotein spikes, size range, and the helical, polyhedral, and complex morphologies; DNA and RNA genomes, host range,…99 cards
Biotechnology and GenomicsRecall cards on biotechnology and genomics: the basic techniques (nucleic-acid isolation, gel electrophoresis, PCR and RT-PCR, Southern and Northern blotting, probes); molecular cloning (plasmid vectors, restriction endonucleases and…99 cards
Prokaryotic Diversity (Microbiology)Recall cards on prokaryotic diversity. Prokaryote habitats, relationships, and microbiomes: extreme habitats, nitrogen fixation and Rhizobium, the symbiotic relationships (mutualism, commensalism, amensalism, parasitism, neutralism),…99 cards
The Eukaryotes of Microbiology (Microbiology)Recall cards on the eukaryotic microbes. Unicellular eukaryotic parasites: protozoan structure (trophozoite, cyst, ectoplasm and endoplasm, cytostome, cytoproct, contractile vacuoles, pseudopodia), reproduction (schizogony, merozoites,…98 cards
Gravitation (Physics)Recall cards on Newtonian gravity and its consequences. Newton's law of universal gravitation gives an attractive, inverse-square force F = G m1 m2 / r^2 along the line joining two masses, with the universal constant G first measured by…97 cards
Personality (Psychology)Recall cards on personality: the long-standing traits and patterns that shape how we think, feel, and behave. History: the Latin persona, Hippocrates's four humors and temperaments, Galen, and Gall's phrenology. Freud's psychodynamic…97 cards
The Giant Planets (Astronomy)Recall cards on the four giant planets of the outer solar system: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. The composition of the outer solar system and the distinction between the gas giants (Jupiter and Saturn) and the ice giants (Uranus…97 cards
Waves (Physics)Recall cards on traveling and standing waves. Mechanical waves in a medium versus electromagnetic and matter waves. Amplitude, wavelength, period, and frequency, and the wave-speed relations v = lambda/T = lambda*f. Transverse versus…97 cards
Comets and Asteroids (Astronomy)Recall cards on the small bodies of the solar system: asteroids and comets. The asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter, the largest asteroids Ceres, Pallas, and Vesta, and the C-type, S-type, and M-type compositional classes. The…95 cards
Control of Microbial Growth (Microbiology)Recall cards on the control of microbial growth. Terminology and the physical control of microbes: sterilization, disinfection, antisepsis, degerming, sanitization, asepsis, and sepsis; the -cide versus -stat suffixes; the microbial death…95 cards
Essential Ideas (Chemistry)Recall cards on the essential ideas of chemistry: chemistry in context (the central science; hypothesis, law, and theory; the macroscopic, microscopic, and symbolic domains); phases and classification of matter (the states of matter and…95 cards
Gases (Chemistry)Recall cards on the behavior of gases: gas pressure (its definition as force per area, its origin in molecular collisions, the pascal, atmosphere, torr, mm Hg, bar, and psi units and their conversions, barometers and manometers, and…94 cards
Radiation and Spectra (Astronomy)Recall cards on light and how it reveals the nature of matter across the universe. The behavior of light: Maxwell's electromagnetic theory, wavelength and frequency, the speed of light, the photon and wave-particle duality, and the inverse…94 cards
Acid-Base Equilibria (Chemistry)Recall cards on aqueous acid-base equilibria: the Bronsted-Lowry model (proton donors and acceptors, conjugate acid-base pairs, amphiprotic species, and the autoionization of water with its ion-product constant Kw); the pH and pOH scales…93 cards
Microbial Growth (Microbiology)Recall cards on microbial growth. How microbes grow: binary fission, the FtsZ Z ring and the divisome, generation (doubling) time, exponential growth and the growth curve (lag, log, stationary, and death phases), persister cells, budding…92 cards
Orbits and Gravity (Astronomy)Recall cards on how the motions of the planets were measured and finally explained. Tycho Brahe's 20 years of observations and Kepler's three laws of planetary motion: elliptical orbits, foci and eccentricity, the law of equal areas, and P…92 cards
Greek MythologyAncient Greek gods, heroes, monsters, and legends91 cards
Nuclear Physics (Physics)Recall cards on nuclear physics. Properties of nuclei: protons, neutrons, nucleons, atomic and mass numbers, isotopes, the atomic mass unit, nuclear radius and density, and the strong nuclear force. Nuclear binding energy, the mass defect,…91 cards
Sensation and Perception (Psychology)Recall cards on how we sense and perceive the world. Sensation versus perception: sensory receptors and transduction, absolute and difference thresholds, Weber's law, subliminal messages, bottom-up and top-down processing, sensory…90 cards
Sound (Physics)Recall cards on sound as a longitudinal disturbance of matter that travels outward through a medium. Compressions and rarefactions, the sinusoidal pressure and displacement variations and their quarter-cycle phase difference, and the…90 cards
Temperature and Heat (Physics)Recall cards on temperature, heat, and heat transfer. Temperature as what a thermometer measures and as a measure of average translational kinetic energy, thermal equilibrium, and the zeroth law of thermodynamics. The Celsius, Fahrenheit,…90 cards
Fluid Mechanics (Physics)Recall cards on the mechanics of fluids at rest and in motion. Density rho = m/V, specific gravity, and the states of matter. Pressure p = F/A as a scalar that acts equally in all directions and increases with depth as p = p0 + rho g h.…89 cards
Psychological Research (Psychology)Recall cards on how psychologists do research. Why research matters: evidence-based knowledge, theories and hypotheses, empirical evidence, facts versus opinions, deductive and inductive reasoning, and falsifiability. Approaches to…87 cards
Units and Measurement (Physics)Recall cards on units and measurement: the scope and scale of physics (physics as a science, orders of magnitude, models, theories, and laws, and the length, mass, and time scales of the universe); units and standards (physical quantities,…86 cards
Cosmic Samples and the Origin of the Solar System (Astronomy)Recall cards on the cosmic samples that reach Earth and what they reveal about how the solar system formed. Meteors, the shooting stars produced when tiny particles burn up in the atmosphere, and the meteor showers Earth meets when it…85 cards
Lifespan Development (Psychology)Recall cards on how humans develop from conception through death. What lifespan development studies: the physical, cognitive, and psychosocial domains, the normative approach and developmental milestones, continuous versus discontinuous…85 cards
Soil and Plant NutritionRecall cards on soil and plant nutrition: the essential elements and the nine macronutrients and the micronutrients, their roles and deficiency symptoms, and hydroponics; the composition, particle sizes, and formation factors of soil,…85 cards
Geometric Optics and Image Formation (Physics)Recall cards on geometric optics and image formation. Plane mirrors: same-size, upright, virtual images located as far behind the mirror as the object is in front, and the real-versus-virtual image distinction. Spherical mirrors: concave…84 cards
Biochemistry of the Genome (Microbiology)Recall cards on the biochemistry of the genome. The classic experiments that revealed DNA as the genetic material: Miescher's nuclein, Kossel's bases, the Mendel and chromosomal-theory work of Boveri, Sutton, and Morgan, Beadle and Tatum's…83 cards
Condensed Matter Physics (Physics)Recall cards on condensed matter physics. Molecular bonding by ionic, covalent, and van der Waals forces, the energetics of NaCl and H2 formation, and molecular rotational and vibrational spectra. Bonding in crystalline solids, the…83 cards
Current and Resistance (Physics)Recall cards on electric current, resistance, and superconductors. Electrical current: current as the rate of charge flow, I = dQ/dt, the ampere and its name, the need for a complete circuit, conventional current, electron carriers in…83 cards
How We See the Invisible World (Microbiology)Recall cards on the science of microscopy. The properties of light: wavelength, amplitude, frequency, reflection, absorption, transmission, diffraction, interference, refraction and refractive index, convex and concave lenses, the visible…83 cards
The Big Bang (Astronomy)Recall cards on the origin and evolution of the whole universe. The age of the cosmos: the Hubble time, the 13.8-billion-year-old universe, the deceleration that gave way to dark-energy acceleration, and the 1998 Type Ia supernova result…83 cards
States of Consciousness (Psychology)Recall cards on consciousness and sleep. Consciousness and wakefulness; biological and circadian rhythms, the suprachiasmatic nucleus, melatonin and the pineal gland, chronotype, jet lag, shift work, and sleep debt. Why we sleep: circadian…82 cards
Therapy and Treatment (Psychology)Recall cards on the therapy and treatment of psychological disorders. History of treatment: supernatural attributions, exorcism, trephining, the witch trials, asylums, Pinel and Dorothea Dix, the arrival of antipsychotics,…82 cards
Laboratory Analysis of the Immune Response (Microbiology)Recall cards on the laboratory analysis of the immune response. Producing antibodies: epitopes, affinity and avidity, cross-reactivity, polyclonal antisera and adjuvants, monoclonal antibodies and hybridomas, humanized antibodies and…81 cards
Microbial Biochemistry (Microbiology)Recall cards on microbial biochemistry. Organic molecules: what makes a molecule organic, the macronutrient and trace elements of cells, carbon's four-bond valence and chain shapes, structural isomers and chiral enantiomers, the hydroxyl,…81 cards
Stoichiometry of Chemical Reactions (Chemistry)Recall cards on the stoichiometry of chemical reactions: writing and balancing chemical equations (reactants, products, coefficients, subscripts, conservation of matter, state symbols, and molecular, complete-ionic, and net-ionic…81 cards
The Death of Stars (Astronomy)Recall cards on how stars end their lives. Low-mass deaths: the Chandrasekhar limit, electron-degenerate white dwarfs, their carbon-oxygen-neon composition and extreme density, and their fade to black dwarfs. The explosive finish of…81 cards
Thermochemistry (Chemistry)Recall cards on thermochemistry: energy basics (energy, work, kinetic and potential energy, conservation of energy, thermal energy, temperature, heat, exothermic and endothermic processes, the calorie and joule, heat capacity, specific and…81 cards
The Birth of Stars and the Discovery of Planets outside the Solar System (Astronomy)Recall cards on how stars are born and how we find planets around other stars. Star formation in giant molecular clouds: their cold, filamentary interiors, the dense clumps and cores that collapse, and the vivid example of the Orion…79 cards
The Kinetic Theory of Gases (Physics)Recall cards on the kinetic theory of gases. The ideal gas law in molecular form (pV = N k_B T) and molar form (pV = nRT), the Boltzmann constant, Avogadro's number, the universal gas constant R = N_A k_B, moles and molar mass, and the…79 cards
Astronomical Instruments (Astronomy)Recall cards on the telescopes and detectors astronomers use to study the universe. Telescopes: their light-gathering and focusing functions, aperture and collecting area, refractors versus reflectors, chromatic aberration, the Newtonian…78 cards
Between the Stars: Gas and Dust in Space (Astronomy)Recall cards on the interstellar medium, the gas and dust between the stars. The mix: about 99% gas and 1% dust, mostly hydrogen and helium, totaling roughly 15% of the Galaxy's stellar mass. Interstellar gas: hot ionized H II regions and…78 cards
Vectors (Physics)Recall cards on vectors: scalars versus vectors (magnitude and direction, notation, displacement, equal, parallel, antiparallel, orthogonal, and negative vectors, scalar multiplication, resultants, the commutative, associative, and…78 cards
Thinking and Intelligence (Psychology)Recall cards on cognition, language, problem solving, and intelligence. Cognition: concepts and prototypes, natural versus artificial concepts, and schemas, role schemas, and event schemas. Language: the lexicon, grammar, phonemes,…77 cards
Black Holes and Curved Spacetime (Astronomy)Recall cards on Einstein's general relativity and its most extreme prediction. The theory itself: the equivalence principle, spacetime curved by matter, and gravity as that curvature. The classic tests: Mercury's perihelion precession, the…76 cards
Social Psychology (Psychology)Recall cards on social psychology: how people affect one another and how situations and groups shape individual behavior. Situationism versus dispositionism and the attribution biases (the fundamental attribution error, the actor-observer…76 cards
Egyptian MythologyDiscover the gods, pharaohs, and mysteries of ancient Egypt75 cards
DNA Structure and FunctionRecall cards on DNA structure and function: the historical experiments identifying DNA as the genetic material (Miescher, Griffith, Avery-MacLeod-McCarty, Hershey-Chase, Chargaff), the structure of the double helix (nucleotides, purines…74 cards
The First Law of Thermodynamics (Physics)Recall cards on the first law of thermodynamics. Thermodynamic systems: system, boundary, and surroundings; open, closed, and isolated systems; thermal equilibrium and the zeroth law; equations of state f(p, V, T) = 0 and pV - nRT = 0;…74 cards
Active Galaxies, Quasars, and Supermassive Black Holes (Astronomy)Recall cards on active galactic nuclei and the supermassive black holes that power them. Quasars: the meaning of quasi-stellar radio source, their 1950s discovery with surplus radar gear, Maarten Schmidt's 1963 reading of the huge redshift…73 cards
Earthlike Planets: Venus and Mars (Astronomy)Recall cards comparing Venus and Mars, Earth's two nearest planetary neighbors. The bulk and orbital data of each world: distance from the Sun, orbital period, diameter, mass, density, surface gravity, escape velocity, rotation, and…73 cards
Magnetic Forces and Fields (Physics)Recall cards on magnetic forces and fields. Magnets and Earth's field: the two poles, attraction and repulsion, the absence of magnetic monopoles, Earth as a bar magnet, compass behavior, field reversals, and the historical discoveries of…73 cards
Electromagnetic Waves (Physics)Recall cards on electromagnetic waves. Maxwell's equations: the displacement current that completes Ampere's law, the four laws (Gauss, Gauss for magnetism, Faraday, Ampere-Maxwell), how changing fields generate each other, the prediction…72 cards
Analyzing Starlight (Astronomy)Recall cards on how astronomers read a star's light. Brightness: the difference between luminosity (total energy emitted per second) and apparent brightness (energy reaching us), the inverse-square dimming with distance, and Hipparchus's…71 cards
Applications of Newton's Laws (Physics)Recall cards on applying Newton's laws: the systematic problem-solving strategy of sketching the situation, drawing a free-body diagram of the external forces, applying Newton's second law per coordinate axis, and checking the result;…71 cards
Disease and Epidemiology (Microbiology)Recall cards on the epidemiology of infectious disease. The language of epidemiologists: etiology, morbidity and mortality rates, prevalence versus incidence, sporadic, endemic, epidemic, and pandemic disease, and notifiable diseases…71 cards
Earth as a Planet (Astronomy)Recall cards studying Earth as one of the terrestrial planets. Its bulk properties: diameter, mass, record-high density, and escape velocity. Its layered interior built by differentiation: the basaltic oceanic and granitic continental…71 cards
Industrial-Organizational Psychology (Psychology)Recall cards on industrial and organizational (I-O) psychology: how work affects human behavior and how human behavior affects work. The three subfields (industrial, organizational, and human factors psychology) and the field's history:…70 cards
Learning (Psychology)Recall cards on how organisms learn. What learning is: reflexes, instincts, associative learning, and the difference between classical, operant, and observational learning. Classical conditioning: Pavlov, the unconditioned and conditioned…70 cards
Oscillations (Physics)Recall cards on oscillatory motion. Periodic motion, period and frequency, and amplitude. Simple harmonic motion (SHM) as the motion of a Hooke's-law restoring force: position x(t) = A cos(omega t + phi), its velocity and acceleration,…70 cards
The Evolution and Distribution of Galaxies (Astronomy)Recall cards on how galaxies formed, grew, and arranged themselves across the cosmos. Looking back in time: the 13.8-billion-year-old universe, the first stars within a billion years, the more than 2 trillion galaxies, and the tiny, blue,…70 cards
The Nature of Light (Physics)Recall cards on the nature of light. The propagation of light: the speed of light in vacuum, its invariance for all observers, the index of refraction n = c/v, and the ray model. The law of reflection: angle of reflection equals angle of…70 cards
Electric Potential (Physics)Recall cards on electric potential energy, electric potential, and their applications. Electric potential energy: that the Coulomb force is conservative and path-independent, the symbol U and its joule unit, W = -delta U, the zero…69 cards
Genes and ProteinsRecall cards on how genes are expressed as proteins: the genetic code (the central dogma, triplet codons, degeneracy, start and stop codons, reading frames and frameshifts, the Crick-Brenner experiment, the near-universal code);…68 cards
Norse MythologyExplore the world of Vikings, Norse gods, and the Nine Realms68 cards
Celestial Distances (Astronomy)Recall cards on how astronomers measure distances in space. Fundamental units: the history of the meter, the light-second, and the astronomical unit (the average Earth-Sun distance), pinned down in modern times by radar ranging. Surveying…67 cards
Direct-Current Circuits (Physics)Recall cards on direct-current circuits. Electromotive force: emf as work per unit charge, the symbol epsilon, the volt, energy conversion, terminal voltage, internal resistance r, V_terminal = emf - I r, I = emf/(R + r), and ideal versus…67 cards
Fundamental Equilibrium Concepts (Chemistry)Recall cards on the fundamentals of chemical equilibrium: reversible reactions and dynamic equilibrium (equal forward and reverse rates, constant concentrations, the double arrow); the reaction quotient Q and the equilibrium constant K…67 cards
Gene ExpressionRecall cards on how cells regulate gene expression: the levels of regulation (why cells regulate, prokaryotic versus eukaryotic control, the five eukaryotic stages); prokaryotic operons (the trp and lac operons, repressors, activators and…67 cards
Mendel's Experiments and HeredityRecall cards on Mendelian genetics: Gregor Mendel's pea experiments, true-breeding lines, the P/F1/F2 generations, dominant and recessive traits, genotype and phenotype, alleles and loci, homozygous and heterozygous, the 3:1 and 1:2:1…67 cards
The Sun: A Garden-Variety Star (Astronomy)Recall cards on the Sun, the ordinary star at the center of our solar system, and the activity that plays across its surface. Its structure and composition: a ball of mostly hydrogen and helium a million kilometers wide, from the…67 cards
The Milky Way Galaxy (Astronomy)Recall cards on our home galaxy. Its architecture: Herschel's and Shapley's mapping, the thin and thick disk, the nuclear bulge, and the stellar and dark-matter halo, with the Sun's place about 26,000 light-years from the center. Its…66 cards
Alternating-Current Circuits (Physics)Recall cards on alternating-current circuits. AC sources: DC versus AC, the v = V0 sin(omega t) and i = I0 sin(omega t) forms, peak versus instantaneous notation, and US and European mains values. Simple AC circuits: the resistor in phase,…65 cards
An Invisible World (Microbiology)Recall cards on the foundations of microbiology. What our ancestors knew: microbes and fermentation, ancient fermented foods, early ideas of contagion and immunity from Varro and Thucydides, Leeuwenhoek's animalcules, and the Golden Age of…65 cards
Evolution and the Origin of SpeciesRecall cards on evolution and speciation: understanding evolution (natural selection and its three conditions, descent with modification, Darwin and Wallace, the Galapagos finches and the Grants' study, sources of genetic variation,…65 cards
Cratered Worlds: The Moon and Mercury (Astronomy)Recall cards studying the Moon and Mercury, the airless, heavily cratered worlds closest to home. The Moon's bulk properties: its diameter, mass, surface gravity, escape velocity, low density, and synchronous rotation, and why it holds no…64 cards
Emotion and Motivation (Psychology)Recall cards on what drives and moves us. Motivation: intrinsic versus extrinsic motivation, instinct theory, drive theory and homeostasis, arousal theory and the Yerkes-Dodson law, self-efficacy, Maslow's hierarchy of needs and…64 cards
Memory (Psychology)Recall cards on how memory works, its brain basis, its failures, and how to improve it. How memory functions: encoding (automatic versus effortful; semantic, visual, and acoustic), the self-reference effect, storage, and retrieval, plus…64 cards
Newton's Laws of Motion (Physics)Recall cards on Newton's laws of motion: force as a vector push or pull measured in newtons, external versus contact versus field forces, the four fundamental forces, and the net force as a vector sum; Newton's first law, inertia and its…64 cards
The Second Law of Thermodynamics (Physics)Recall cards on the second law of thermodynamics. Reversible and irreversible processes: the definition of each, why nearly all real processes are irreversible, the quasi-static and dissipation-free requirements for reversibility, free…64 cards
Electric Charges and Fields (Physics)Recall cards on electric charge and the electric field. Electric charge: its two types, like-repels-unlike-attracts, the coulomb unit, the elementary charge e = 1.602 x 10^-19 C, quantization, conservation, and the charged constituents of…63 cards
Galaxies (Astronomy)Recall cards on galaxies beyond the Milky Way. Their discovery: Kant's island universes, the great debate over the spiral nebulae, and Edwin Hubble's 1924 proof, using cepheids in Andromeda, that galaxies lie far beyond our own. Their…63 cards
Introduction to Psychology (Psychology)Recall cards on the foundations of psychology. What is psychology: the scientific study of the mind and behavior, the scientific method, hypotheses and theories, and psychology as both a natural and a social science. The history of…63 cards
Inflation (Economics)Recall cards on inflation. Tracking it: the price level, a basket of goods and services, the inflation rate, price indexes, index numbers, and base years. Measuring the cost of living: the Consumer Price Index and how the Bureau of Labor…62 cards
The Aggregate Demand/Aggregate Supply Model (Economics)Recall cards on the aggregate demand/aggregate supply (AD/AS) model. Macroeconomic perspectives on demand and supply: Say's law, Keynes' law, and the neoclassical versus Keynesian emphasis. Building the model: aggregate supply and the…62 cards
The Evolution of PopulationsRecall cards on population genetics and adaptive evolution: population evolution (population genetics, the modern synthesis, microevolution versus macroevolution, populations evolve while individuals do not, allele and genotype…62 cards
Civil Liberties (American Government)Recall cards on American civil liberties. What civil liberties are and how they differ from civil rights, Barron v. Baltimore, the due process clause, procedural and substantive due process, and selective incorporation of the Bill of…61 cards
Roman EmperorsThe rulers of ancient Rome61 cards
Stars from Adolescence to Old Age (Astronomy)Recall cards on how stars age and die. Life on the main sequence: the zero-age main sequence, the small fraction of mass turned into energy by fusion, and how sharply lifetime depends on mass, from an O star lasting a million years to an M…61 cards
Thermodynamics (Chemistry)Recall cards on chemical thermodynamics: spontaneity (spontaneous and nonspontaneous processes, the independence of spontaneity from reaction speed, and the dispersal of matter and energy); entropy (the state function S, delta-S = q_rev/T,…61 cards
Equilibria of Other Reaction Classes (Chemistry)Recall cards on solubility and other equilibria beyond simple acid-base systems: precipitation and dissolution (the solubility product constant Ksp, molar solubility, saturated, unsaturated, and supersaturated solutions, the ion product…60 cards
Harry PotterEnter the Wizarding World - spells, characters, and magic60 cards
Motion Along a Straight Line (Physics)Recall cards on one-dimensional kinematics: position and frame of reference; displacement as the change in position (final minus initial), a vector measured in meters, and its distinction from distance traveled; average velocity as…60 cards
Stress, Lifestyle, and Health (Psychology)Recall cards on stress, health, and well-being. What stress is (a process of appraising events as overwhelming or threatening), health psychology, stimulus- versus response-based definitions, Selye's work, primary and secondary appraisal,…60 cards
Electromagnetic Induction (Physics)Recall cards on electromagnetic induction. Faraday's law: magnetic flux and the weber, the induced emf as the negative rate of change of flux, and the N-turn coil form. Lenz's law: the induced current opposes the flux change, the negative…59 cards
MathematicsAlgebra, geometry, calculus, and number theory59 cards
Same yearWhat else happened in that year?59 cards
Atomic Structure (Physics)Recall cards on the quantum structure of atoms. The hydrogen atom and its three quantum numbers n, l, and m, the quantized energy E_n = -13.6 eV/n^2, orbital angular momentum L = sqrt(l(l+1)) h-bar, space quantization, and spectroscopic s,…58 cards
Demand and Supply (Economics)Recall cards on how markets set prices. Demand and the law of demand (price and quantity demanded move inversely), supply and the law of supply (they move together), demand and supply schedules and curves, and market equilibrium where the…58 cards
Observing the Sky: The Birth of Astronomy (Astronomy)Recall cards on how humans learned to read and understand the sky. The celestial sphere and its landmarks: zenith, horizon, celestial poles and equator, and how the pole's altitude reveals your latitude. The ecliptic, the 88…57 cards
Photons and Matter Waves (Physics)Recall cards on the birth of quantum physics. Blackbody radiation, the Stefan-Boltzmann law P = sigma*A*T^4, Wien's displacement law, the ultraviolet catastrophe, and Planck's quantization E_n = n*h*f. The photoelectric effect and…57 cards
Phylogenies and the History of LifeRecall cards on phylogeny and the history of life: organizing life on Earth (phylogeny and phylogenetic trees, taxonomy and systematics, the Linnaean hierarchy, the three domains, binomial nomenclature, and the parts of a tree, including…57 cards
Sources of Magnetic Fields (Physics)Recall cards on the sources of magnetic fields. The Biot-Savart law: the field of a current element, the permeability of free space, the right-hand rule for the direction, and the field of a circular arc and a full loop. The magnetic field…57 cards
AnimalsThe animal kingdom, including mammals, birds, reptiles, marine life, and wildlife facts56 cards
Diffraction (Physics)Recall cards on the diffraction of light. Single-slit diffraction: the bright central maximum and dimmer secondary maxima, the dark-fringe condition a sin(theta) = m*lambda, and why a narrower slit spreads the pattern. Intensity in…56 cards
Introduction (Astronomy)Recall cards introducing astronomy. What astronomy studies and where the elements of life were made. The nature of science: hypotheses, observational versus historical science, and peer review. The universality of physical laws. Numbers in…56 cards
Static Equilibrium and Elasticity (Physics)Recall cards on the static equilibrium of rigid bodies and on stress, strain, and elasticity. Static equilibrium requires zero linear and zero angular acceleration: the first condition sets the vector sum of external forces to zero…56 cards
The Stars: A Celestial Census (Astronomy)Recall cards on taking a census of the stars. The solar neighborhood: counting the stars within about 21 light-years shows that cool, faint red M dwarfs vastly outnumber luminous stars, and that the bright stars in our sky are bright…56 cards
Motion in Two and Three Dimensions (Physics)Recall cards on kinematics in two and three dimensions: the position, displacement, and velocity vectors in unit-vector notation and their component forms; instantaneous velocity as the derivative of position and always tangent to the…55 cards
Quantum Mechanics (Physics)Recall cards on nonrelativistic quantum mechanics. The wave function and the Born interpretation |Psi|^2 as a probability density, normalization, expectation values, and the position and momentum operators. The Heisenberg uncertainty…55 cards
Fixed-Axis Rotation (Physics)Recall cards on the rotation of a rigid body about a fixed axis. Rotational variables: angular position theta = s/r in radians, angular displacement, angular velocity omega = d theta/dt, and angular acceleration alpha = d omega/dt, with…54 cards
Inductance (Physics)Recall cards on inductance. Mutual inductance: the henry, the M = N Phi / I definition, its symmetry and geometry dependence, and the induced emf epsilon = -M dI/dt. Self-inductance: Phi = LI, the self-induced emf -L dI/dt, its Lenz's-law…54 cards
Potential Energy and Conservation of Energy (Physics)Recall cards on potential energy and the conservation of energy: potential energy as energy stored in a system because of the configuration of its interacting objects, the rule that the change in potential energy is the negative of the…53 cards
Poverty and Economic Inequality (Economics)Recall cards on poverty and economic inequality. Drawing the poverty line: how poverty is measured, Orshansky's original method, and U.S. poverty rates by group. The poverty trap: how declining benefits blunt the incentive to work. The…52 cards
Civil Rights (American Government)Recall cards on American civil rights. What civil rights are and how government classifies people: the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection clause and the three tiers of judicial scrutiny (rational basis, intermediate scrutiny for sex,…50 cards
Composition of Substances and Solutions (Chemistry)Recall cards on the composition of substances and solutions: formula mass and the mole concept (formula versus molecular mass; the mole and Avogadro's number; molar mass and mass-mole-entity conversions); determining empirical and…50 cards
Life in the Universe (Astronomy)Recall cards on the search for life beyond Earth. The cosmic context: the chemical evolution of the elements, organic molecules and hydrocarbons, biochemistry, and Earth as the third planet with liquid water. Astrobiology: the elements and…50 cards
Linear Momentum and Collisions (Physics)Recall cards on linear momentum and collisions: linear momentum p = mv as a vector pointing along the velocity, measured in kg·m/s, characterizing an object's quantity of motion and depending linearly on mass and velocity. Impulse J as…50 cards
The Constitution and Its Origins (American Government)Recall cards on the origins of the U.S. Constitution. The pre-revolutionary roots of American political thought, natural rights, the social contract, John Locke, the Stamp Act, the Continental Congresses, and the Declaration of…50 cards
Work and Kinetic Energy (Physics)Recall cards on work and kinetic energy: work as the transfer of energy when a force acts through a displacement, the infinitesimal work dW = F.dr, the constant-force result W = Fd cos(theta), the parallel-component rule, work as a line…50 cards
CelebritiesFamous people, actors, musicians, athletes, and pop culture icons49 cards
Cell ReproductionRecall cards on how cells reproduce: genomes and chromosome structure, DNA compaction, the cell cycle (interphase and mitosis), cytokinesis in animals and plants, cell-cycle checkpoints and their positive and negative regulators, cancer,…49 cards
Gauss's Law (Physics)Recall cards on electric flux and Gauss's law. Electric flux: what it measures, its definition as the dot product of the electric field with an area vector, the symbol Phi, the unit N*m^2/C, its scalar nature, the area vector of flat and…49 cards
Government Budgets and Fiscal Policy (Economics)Recall cards on government budgets and fiscal policy. Federal spending: its size relative to GDP, its largest categories, and how education is funded mainly at the state and local level. Taxation: the individual income tax, payroll tax,…49 cards
Interference (Physics)Recall cards on the wave interference of light. Young's double-slit experiment: coherence versus incoherence, constructive and destructive interference, fringes, and the historical evidence for the wave nature of light. The mathematics of…49 cards
Angular Momentum (Physics)Recall cards on angular momentum and rolling motion. Rolling without slipping: the contact point is instantaneously at rest, v_CM = R omega, a_CM = R alpha, and d_CM = R theta; the acceleration down an incline a_CM = m g sin(theta)/(m +…48 cards
Capacitance (Physics)Recall cards on capacitors and capacitance. Capacitors and capacitance: what a capacitor is and stores, its two-conductor construction, the definition C = Q/V, the farad and its name, the practical range, geometry dependence, the constant…48 cards
Cell CommunicationRecall cards on how cells signal to one another and respond: types of chemical signaling (paracrine, endocrine, autocrine, direct), internal and cell-surface receptors, signal transduction and second messengers, the cellular response, and…48 cards
Modern Understanding of InheritanceRecall cards on the chromosomal basis of heredity: the chromosomal theory of inheritance (Boveri, Sutton, Carothers, Morgan), genetic linkage, crossing over and chiasmata, parental versus recombinant offspring, recombination frequency,…48 cards
Relativity (Physics)Recall cards on special relativity. Einstein's two postulates: the laws of physics are the same in all inertial frames, and light travels at the same speed c in all inertial frames regardless of the motion of source or observer. Relativity…48 cards
Monetary Policy and Bank Regulation (Economics)Recall cards on monetary policy and bank regulation. Central banks and the Federal Reserve: its three functions, its semi-decentralized structure, the Board of Governors, and the 12 regional banks. Bank regulation: bank supervision, bank…47 cards
The Sun: A Nuclear Powerhouse (Astronomy)Recall cards on how the Sun actually shines. The nineteenth-century puzzle of the Sun's energy source: chemical burning would last only a few thousand years, and even Kelvin and Helmholtz's gravitational contraction could power it for only…46 cards
PhotosynthesisRecall cards on how photoautotrophs capture light energy and build sugars: the overview and chemical equation, leaf and chloroplast structure, the light-dependent reactions (pigments, photosystems, water-splitting, chemiosmosis), and the…45 cards
Cellular RespirationRecall cards on how cells extract energy from glucose: redox and electron carriers, glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, fermentation, and regulation.44 cards
Financial Markets (Economics)Recall cards on how firms raise financial capital, how households supply it, and how to accumulate personal wealth. Raising capital: angel investors, venture capital, reinvested profits, bank borrowing, bonds, and stock, plus IPOs,…43 cards
Labor Markets and Income (Economics)Recall cards on labor markets and income. The theory of labor markets: marginal productivity, the value of the marginal product, marginal revenue product, and how wages and employment are set in competition. Imperfect competition:…43 cards
The Macroeconomic Perspective (Economics)Recall cards on measuring the macroeconomy. Gross domestic product: its definition, the equivalent spending and income sides, the expenditure formula GDP = C + I + G + (X - M) and its components, final versus intermediate goods, durable…43 cards
The International Trade and Capital Flows (Economics)Recall cards on international trade and capital flows. Measuring trade balances: the balance of trade, the merchandise trade balance, the current account balance, unilateral transfers, traded services, and investment income. Trade balances…42 cards
The Keynesian Perspective (Economics)Recall cards on the Keynesian perspective in macroeconomics. Aggregate demand in Keynesian analysis: consumption, investment, government spending, and net exports, and what determines each. The two building blocks of Keynesian analysis:…42 cards
Money and Banking (Economics)Recall cards on money and banking. The four functions that define money: medium of exchange, store of value, unit of account, and standard of deferred payment, plus barter and the double coincidence of wants, and commodity,…41 cards
Political Parties (American Government)Recall cards on political parties in American democracy. What parties are and how they formed: party platforms and nominating conventions, the first party system (Federalists vs. Democratic-Republicans), the Revolution of 1800, the corrupt…41 cards
Elections and Voting (American Government)Recall cards on U.S. elections and voting. Voter registration: residency requirements, the National Voter Registration Act of 1993 (Motor Voter), Shelby County v. Holder, and the citizen, resident, and age requirements. Voter turnout: the…40 cards
Globalization and Protectionism (Economics)Recall cards on globalization and protectionism. What protectionism is and its three tools (tariffs, import quotas, and nontariff barriers), why it acts as an indirect subsidy from consumers to producers, and why it lowers total social…40 cards
Interest Groups and Lobbying (American Government)Recall cards on interest groups and lobbying in American politics. Interest groups defined: lobbyists, membership organizations, associations, particularized benefits, public interest groups, and collective goods. Collective action and…40 cards
Production, Costs, and Industry Structure (Economics)Recall cards on how firms produce and what it costs. Explicit versus implicit costs, and accounting profit versus economic profit. The short-run production function: fixed and variable inputs, marginal product, and the law of diminishing…40 cards
The Media (American Government)Recall cards on the news media in American democracy. What the media are: mass media, public relations, beats, soft news, the fourth estate and public-forum roles, and the concentration of media ownership. The evolution of the media: the…40 cards
Welcome to Economics! (Economics)Recall cards introducing economics. The core problem of scarcity: economics as the study of decision-making under scarcity, limited resources, and time as the ultimate scarce resource. The division of labor (Adam Smith, The Wealth of…40 cards
Unemployment (Economics)Recall cards on unemployment. How economists define and measure it: employed versus unemployed versus out of the labor force, the unemployment rate, the labor force participation rate, discouraged and underemployed workers, and the Current…39 cards
Federalism (American Government)Recall cards on American federalism. The division of powers between the national and state governments, including unitary systems, implied powers, the necessary and proper (elastic) clause, the commerce clause, the Tenth Amendment,…38 cards
Labor and Financial Markets (Economics)Recall cards applying demand and supply to two special markets. In the labor market employers demand labor, workers supply it, and the wage is the price: the law of demand and supply, the equilibrium wage, and how a wage above or below…38 cards
The Politics of Public Opinion (American Government)Recall cards on public opinion in American politics. What public opinion is and how it forms: political socialization and its agents (family, schools, peers, religious organizations, and the media), and the major political ideologies…38 cards
Elasticity (Economics)Recall cards on elasticity, the measure of how responsive quantity is to price. Price elasticity of demand and of supply as ratios of percentage changes, why the demand elasticity is negative but reported as an absolute value, and the…37 cards
Monopolistic Competition and Oligopoly (Economics)Recall cards on the two intermediate market structures between perfect competition and monopoly. Monopolistic competition: many firms competing with differentiated products, how differentiation by physical features, location, intangibles,…37 cards
Monopoly and Antitrust Policy (Economics)Recall cards on how governments limit market power. Corporate mergers: vertical, conglomerate, and horizontal combinations, acquisitions, FTC notification thresholds, and the Sherman, Clayton, and Celler-Kefauver antitrust laws. Measuring…37 cards
Exchange Rates and International Capital Flows (Economics)Recall cards on exchange rates and international capital flows. The foreign exchange market: where currencies are traded, its size, and what creates the demand for and supply of a currency. Appreciation and depreciation, hedging,…36 cards
Perfect Competition (Economics)Recall cards on the perfectly competitive market: many firms selling identical products, full information, and free entry and exit, with each firm a price taker facing a perfectly elastic demand curve. How a competitive firm chooses output…36 cards
Environmental Protection and Negative Externalities (Economics)Recall cards on the economics of pollution and environmental policy. Externalities: positive and negative spillovers, social versus private costs, and why a negative externality causes market failure and shifts the supply curve.…35 cards
American Government and Civic Engagement (American Government)Recall cards on the foundations of American government and civic engagement. What government and politics are, the services government provides, and the distinction between public, private, common, and toll goods. The forms of government,…31 cards
Choice in a World of Scarcity (Economics)Recall cards on how scarcity forces choice. The budget constraint: the combinations of two goods a consumer can afford (the Alphonso burgers-and-bus-tickets example), opportunity cost as the next best alternative given up, the slope of the…30 cards
Meiosis and Sexual ReproductionRecall cards on meiosis and sexual reproduction: haploid and diploid cells, the two meiotic divisions (meiosis I and II), synapsis, crossing over and chiasmata, independent assortment, how meiosis differs from mitosis, why sexual…30 cards
Information, Risk, and Insurance (Economics)Recall cards on imperfect information, asymmetric information, and insurance. The problem of imperfect information: thin markets, price as a quality signal, the lemon problem, and the mechanisms that reduce it (guarantees, warranties,…29 cards
Economic Growth (Economics)Recall cards on long-run economic growth. The relatively recent arrival of sustained growth: the roughly 2 percent per year rise in GDP per capita since the Industrial Revolution, and the institutions behind it, property rights,…28 cards
MetabolismRecall cards on bioenergetics, thermodynamics, ATP, and enzymes.28 cards
Monopoly (Economics)Recall cards on monopoly: a single firm that is the only seller of a product with no close substitutes. How monopolies form and persist behind barriers to entry, natural monopolies from large economies of scale, legal monopolies and…28 cards
Macroeconomic Policy around the World (Economics)Recall cards on macroeconomic policy across countries. How low-, middle-, and high-income countries are defined by per capita income and how unevenly world population and GDP are distributed among them. What raises living standards, the…27 cards
Public Economy (Economics)Recall cards on public choice: how voters, special interests, and democratic institutions shape economic policy. Voter participation: rational ignorance, U.S. versus international turnout, compulsory voting, the cost of election campaigns…26 cards
The Impacts of Government Borrowing (Economics)Recall cards on the impacts of government borrowing. How a budget deficit forces an offsetting change through the national saving and investment identity, either lower private investment, higher private saving, or a larger trade deficit,…26 cards
Consumer Choices (Economics)Recall cards on how consumers choose. The utility framework: total utility and marginal utility, marginal utility per dollar, and the utility-maximizing rule that sets the marginal utility per dollar equal across all goods (MU1/P1 =…25 cards
Positive Externalities and Public Goods (Economics)Recall cards on positive externalities, innovation, and public goods. Why the private sector underinvests in innovation: technology's positive spillovers, private versus social benefits, the private versus social rate of return, and how…25 cards
International Trade (Economics)Recall cards on international trade. What absolute and comparative advantage mean, why a country's comparative advantage lies where its opportunity cost is lowest, and how specialization raises total world output. Why even a country with…22 cards
The Neoclassical Perspective (Economics)Recall cards on the neoclassical perspective in macroeconomics. The two building blocks of neoclassical analysis: in the long run potential GDP determines real output regardless of aggregate demand, and wages and prices, sticky in the…22 cards
Cell Membranes and TransportRecall cards on the structure and function of plasma membranes and membrane transport.12 cards